La Chanson De Roland, And The Song Of Roland - 1802 Words

La Chanson de Roland, or The Song of Roland, is the oldest surviving French poem. It is also the oldest and greatest of the chansons de geste, medieval epic poems written in French. In old French, geste means a deed or action, often of heroic proportions. A hundred or so of these epic poems survive, dating from around the year 1100 to the late fourteenth century. In their time, they were exceedingly popular. Although we know neither the identity of The Song of Roland s composer nor the date of its composition, most scholars estimate that the poem was written between 1098-1100. This dating puts the poem s origin at the time of the First Crusade, and indeed the poem has been characterized by some scholars as propaganda to encourage Christians to take up arms against Islam. Propaganda here is a loose term, including a broad range of artistic creations that can intend to push listeners to action or simply paint certain policies or events from a specific perspective. What can be said for certain is that The Song of Roland seems animated by the spirit of the Crusades, a time when the medieval Catholic Church, at the height of its power, sought to expand Christendom into the Holy Land. The poem describes events happening several centuries earlier, during the reign of the mighty Christian warrior-king Charlemagne. The historical context of the poem therefore straddles several centuries, and to properly understand the poem we must bear in mind its rich historicalShow MoreRelatedJacques Le Goff s The Imaginary World1582 Words   |  7 PagesJacques le Goff, the most renowned French medievalist, proclaimed in an interview for the journal L Express in 2005 that â€Å"les hommes et les femmes d une socià ©tà © vivent et pensent autant par l image et l imagination que par le contact avec la rà ©alità © et la raison† (Men and women of a society live and think just as much through images as by contact with reality and reason). That s why, in my opinion, studying the imaginary world is so important, indeed, it is about telling the story of what makesRead MoreSummaries of Indapatra and Sulayaman, the Song of Roland and Iliad2416 Words   |  10 PagesThe plant wi thered and it means that Sulayman died * He removed the wings and he prayed to Bathala. * And the hero ressurected The Song of Roland A French Epic Author * Since the song of Roland is the oldest surviving major work of French Literature, there is no evidence about the author * It is written from 12th to 14th Century The song of Roland is attributed to... * France, specifically, the story told in the poem is based on a historical incident, the  Battle of Roncevaux Pass  onRead More The Greatest Literary Emblem of the Middle Ages Essay2067 Words   |  9 Pagesthe quest for auto representation through their readings and creations, where they represent different characters such as poets, lovers, knights, bourgeois, and others, according to Valerie Fasseur, Medieval French Literature Professor at Università © de Pau. Troubadours’ lyrics were originally written in the language called Occitan, which is a romance language spoken in the southern region of France (Occitania) where the troubadours flourished. Linda M. Paterson states this region was well known forRead MoreMedieval Poetry3509 Words   |  15 PagesAquinas. One of the most famous religious works of the period was  The Golden Legend, a collection of stories about the saints by Jacobus de Voraigne. Not all medieval literature was religious in nature, however. Secular poems and prose works related the deeds of semi-legendary heroes and villains. Examples of this type of work include the French  Song of Roland  and  Beowulf, an early English poem about a heros battles against a series of monsters. Other popular heroes in medieval literature includedRead MorePurgatorio Essay4430 Words   |  18 Pagesarranged climactically, we tend to find this kind of geometric construction artificial and surprising, even though the practice was fairly common in medieval literature. Dante had himself already experimented with this kind of structure in La Vita Nuova. La Chanson of Roland, to cite another well-known example, seems by our standards to drag on surprisingly beyond the heros death; the plot has been carefully arranged, however, so that this event of central importance occurs at the very center of the poem

Midterm Exam Free Essays

What went wrong with Saturn? Answer Saturn sold cars below the prices of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% rate of return. Saturn sold cars below the prices of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% rate of Question 3 Economic profit is defined as the difference between revenue and . Answer total economic cost Question 4 The primary objective of a for-profit firm is to maximize shareholder value Which of the following will increase (VOW), the shareholder wealth minimization model of the firm: VOW(shares outstanding) = Met=l (n t)/ (l+eke)t + Real Option Value. We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Answer Decrease the required rate of return (eke). Question 6 O out of 4 points The moral hazard in team production arises from lack of proper assignment of individual tasks a conflict between tactically best interest and one’s duty Question 7 will be projects with Answer high risk Question 8 The approximate probability of a value occurring that is greater than one standard deviation from the mean is approximately (assuming a normal distribution) Answer 15. 7% Question 9 coefficient of variation; standard deviation; expected value Correct Answer: efficient of variation; standard deviation; expected value Question 10 The level of an economic activity should be increased to the point where the zero. Answer net marginal benefit Question 1 1 is A change in the level of an economic activity is desirable and should be undertaken as long as the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs Question 12 The standard deviation is appropriate to compare the risk between two investments only if Answer the expected returns from the investments are approximately equal Correct Answer: the expected returns from the investments are approximately equal Question 13 Songwriters and composers press music companies to lower the price for music downloads because Answer songwriter royalties are a percentage of sales revenue Question 14 The factor(s) which cause(s) a movement along the demand curve include(s): Answer decrease in price of the good demanded Question 15 Those goods having a calculated income elasticity that is negative are called: Answer inferior goods An increase in each of the following factors would normally provide a subsequent increase in quantity demanded, except: Answer level of competitor advertising Question 17 Which of the following would tend to make demand INELASTIC? No one really wants the product at all the proportion of the budget spent on the item is very small When demand is a percentage change in is exactly offset by the same percentage change in demanded, the net result being a constant total consumer expenditure. Answer unit elastic; price; quantity Question 19 Auto dealers slash prices at the end of the model year in response to deficient demand/excess inventory but restaurants facing the same problem slash production because Answer rice elasticity of supply in autos is smaller than the absolute value of price elasticity of demand but the reverse is true for restaurants Correct Answer: of demand but the reverse is true for restaurants In regression analysis, the existence of a significant pattern in successive values of the error term constitutes: Answer autocorrelation Question 21 In regression analysis, the existence of a high degree of intercalation among some or all of the explanatory variables in the regression equation constitutes. How to cite Midterm Exam, Papers Midterm Exam Free Essays Midterm Exam Instructor: Name: Mayling Jou Student ID: D0042335 Department: BIBA (sophomore) Due Date: November 8th, 2012 Part I) Employee death sparks outrage at sourcing factories in China (2009). 1. Was Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sun’s reaction to the accusation of the theft something that only might be expected in China? I think the suicide of Mr. Sun was not only an escape for the accusation of theft something, but this reaction involves more than the theft of an intellectual property. Behind the simple fact of a theft, there are many other factors that made him kill himself, such as shiftwork and late night work, excessive working hours over a short period, long hours with inadequate breaks, Hazardous physical working conditions, etc. This is not only happening in China, but also in other countries. This article about Foxconn (China) has spread worldwide because of the increasing sells of the famous company Apple. However, I read some articles about suicide other countries like United Kingdom, where an â€Å"engineer, who killed himself, wrote in a suicide note saying ‘the pressure of work has turned my mind into a ticking time bomb’. Hazards magazine reported in 2003 that the work-related suicide toll in the UK was likely to exceed 100 deaths per year, caused by factors including overwork, stress and harassment†. Other similar stories have been happened in Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zeeland etc. 2. Is the theft of intellectual property a problem everywhere? Why or why not? Does every culture view the importance of intellectual property in the same way? Yes, it is a problem everywhere. The piracy of intellectual property that is protected by copyright law  is  a crime. The theft of intellectual property also involved the plagiarism. Nowadays, the Internet has contributed with this problem. A common situation about this is, a group of students that decide to â€Å"copy and paste† the essay from an author. Some people say that using the ideas without attributing them is a form of theft. However, most people don’t think it is a crime. With the globalization and the fast increasing of innovation and competition, some companies want to have the same or similar software or technology as the competitor. As a clear example are China and United States. There is an article from the New York Times that says: â€Å"For the United States, the No. 1 problem with China’s economy is probably intellectual property theft. Technology companies, for example, continue to notice Chinese  government agencies downloading software updates for programs they have never bought, at least not legally. No wonder China has become the world’s second-largest market for computer hardware sales — but is only the eighth-largest for software sales. † Not every culture views the importance of intellectual property in the same way. Some companies that can’t create a new technology and instead, they take the idea from others companies. Some people think that buy legitimate software or application is really expensive and, they cannot afford it. So, they would rather download it for free or get it for a cheaper price. They argue that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product. 3. Why is theft of intellectual property such as concern in foreign sub-contractors? What can be done to control it? It is really important for every business to protect itself against intellectual property theft in today’s business. With all the global markets competition, it’s important for the company to know how to identify, protect and enforce its Intellectual property rights. The company needs to protect its information assets as securely as possible by using some techniques that can prevent any theft of intellectual property. In other to control the theft of intellectual property in foreign sub-contractors, we can mention about: †¢ Review and prepare all legal contracts making sure that the company has the protection it needs. †¢ Make sure all parties, as well as their roles and responsibilities are identified in the business contract. †¢ Spell out venue, choice of law and jurisdiction, particularly if the subcontractor that the business is working with is located out of the country. Part II) Work Councils and â€Å"Inform and consult† In the EU: HP Acquires Compaq. 1. What do the EU directives on works councils and â€Å"Inform and Consult† require in a situation like this? To whom do these directives apply? The EU Directives require companies with more than 1,000 employees throughout the EU and, with at least 150 employees in each one the two countries, which can lead the establishment of works councils to receive information and  consultation in all the decisions of the company. All this is really important, because it provides values that cut across national borders. In addition, the larger employers not only need to establish works councils, but must also establish a Europe wide council. This means that any decisions, such as work restructuring, plant or office closings, or even the movement from one country to another (outsourcing, layoffs, workforce agreements), all require firms to inform and  consult with their councils previously to the implementation of those kinds of decisions. So, this is applied for all multinational firms. 2. What is it about European culture that has led to the development and implementation of these sorts of practices and policies? Why haven’t they developed in countries like the US? European culture has a different mentality as United States does. For Europeans, the workers are a fundamental part when the big decisions are made. All decisions are discussed by a group. Additionally, they have kept a tool-making, smart structural decision; engineering culture, etc. In some European management discuss between them detailed information about enterprises’ financial and business plans. United States instead, was simply too hard to replicate in other countries because United States or other countries have a different way to treat the workers. In United States, some management complained that workers did not truly cooperate, while workers complained that this kind of policies and practices gave them no real power to affect decisions. The workers prefer to work at the fast speed in the bad state; they lack credible information about the state of the firm. How to cite Midterm Exam, Papers Midterm Exam Free Essays Human Communication 100 Fall 2004 Midterm Exam Multiple Choice: Choose only one answer and mark the corresponding letter on your scantron. Each question is worth 2 points. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another word for decoding is __________. A. interpretation B. speaking C. creating D. noise 2. Imagine that you are listening to a speech about AIDS and HIV. One of the speaker’s main points describes ways to respond to the devastating news that you or someone in your family is HIV Negative. You are confused by this, because you know that HIV Negative means that someone isn’t infected with the virus that leads to AIDS. What is happening in this situation? A. The speaker obviously plagiarized the speech, because he/she doesn’t know the correct terms. B. The channel of the message is faulty, or else the correct term would be sent and received. C. The speaker’s encoding and the listener’s decoding are interfering with communication. D. External noise is keeping the message from being sent and received accurately. 3. The terms feedback and context are introduced in which of the communication models? A. communication as action B. communication as interaction C. communication as reaction D. communication as transaction 4. Which of the following is an example of intrapersonal communication? A. talking to friend about biology class B. telling your roommate about a personal problem C. mentally rehearsing what you have to do that day ordering a pizza over the phone 5. Which of the following is an attribute of interpersonal communication? Interpersonal communication is linear. Interpersonal communication is a monologue. Interpersonal communication involves responding to people’s roles. Interpersonal communication involves mutual influence. 6. According to Maslow’s framework on the process of becoming self-aware, a person whose communication skills are effective and are second nature is working at which level? unconscious incompetence conscious incompetence conscious competence unconscious competence 7. Danielle consistently describes herself as a confident, outgoing woman. Her description coincides with which of the following terms? self-concept self-image self-expectations self-fulfilling prophecy 8. Jason spends hours every day working at the gym. He also takes great care in keeping his sports car well maintained and spotless. According to James’ theory of the self, Jason is taking care of his ____________________. 14 material self 15 social self 16 spiritual self 17 emotional self 9. Jose was raised in a Cuban-American community. Although he had many college friends from other co-cultures, he proudly maintained his Cuban roots by sprinkling his speech with Spanish phrases. In addition, he enjoyed sharing examples of cultural norms from his family and neighborhood in his communication class. These examples show which kind of influence on Jose’s self-concept? A. communication with others B. association with groups oles we assume C. self-fulfilling prophecy 10. The stage of perception in which we put information into patterns is called _____________. A. attention B. reframing C. interpretation D. organization 11. Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning stereotypes? A. All stereotypes are negative. B. We stereotype people because of our nature to simplify and categorize. C. People who use stereotypes are usually doing so intentionally. D. It is fairly easy to rid ourselves of harmful stereotypes. 12. When asked to describe himself, Bernard talks about his sports car, career, and home. Bernard’s response demonstrates which of the following? A. other-oriented communication B. ascription orientation C. achievement orientation D. ethnocentric communication 13. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests which of the following? A. Language and thought are exclusive of one another. B. People regularly conceive of ideas for which they have no word. C. Language is controlled by thought. D. Language does not impact our worldview. 14. When Carol and Marcia talked about going home for spring break, Carol thought of home-cooked meals, free laundry, and time to spend with old friends. Marcia thought only of the bickering and fussing between her parents. Which of the following statements describes this situation? A. Carol and Marcia are bypassing when they discuss where they are going to spend their vacations. B. Carol and Marcia have different denotations for the word â€Å"home. † C. Carol and Marcia have different connotations for the world â€Å"home. † D. Carol and Marcia are polarizing the word â€Å"home. † 15. Tommy went to Taiwan for a vacation. Since he couldn’t read the restaurant menu, he asked the waiter to bring him a traditional Taiwanese meal. It was delicious. When he was done he asked the waiter what the meat was, because he hadn’t tasted anything like it before. The waiter told him it was dog meat. Tommy became sick to his stomach, and rushed to the bathroom. Tommy’s reaction reflects the power of words to ______________. A. make and break relationships B. affect and reflect culture C. affect thoughts and actions D. build barriers 16. When words reflect unqualified, often untrue generalizations that deny individual differences among people, they become the language barrier of ____________. A. bypassing B. polarization C. allness D. denotation 17. Jack announces at the fraternity meeting that there will be a dance next weekend, and everyone is invited to bring their girlfriend. This is an example of _________________. A. sexist language B. heterosexist language C. homophobic language D. generic language 18. According to Mehrabian’s research, the most significant source of emotional meaning in our communication is ______________. 1 our voice A. our words B. our face 19 our posture 19. According to Mehrabian, nonverbal communication conveys 93% of the _______________. 1 meaning of our messages A. emotional meaning of our messages B. literal meaning of our messages C. subjective meaning of our messages 20. Estella wanted her grandmother to know how much she appreciated her grandmother’s monetary gift for her birthday. She have her a big hug, and said with enthusiasm, â€Å"Thanks Gram – I really can use this! † Estella’s voice and hug are examples of which function of nonverbal behavior? to repeat A. to complement B. to substitute C. to regulate 21. Displays of culture such as clothing, jewelry, and makeup are called __________________. A. artifacts gestures B. illustrators C. vocalics 22. After Aisha got off the phone her face looked like it had fallen two inches. She looked down, and walked to her room slowly. Maya said to her, â€Å"What happened? † In reading Aisha’s facial expressions, Maya was using Aisha’s ________________________. A. affect displays B. regulators C. adaptors D. emblems 23. Cultures in which the members evaluate â€Å"close† proximity as negative and bad, and â€Å"far† proximity as positive and good are ________________. A. high contact low contact B. developing nations C. industrialized nations 24. Listening involves the following processes: A. awareness, rejecting, decoding, remembering, and reacting 1 selecting, attending, understanding, remembering, and responding 3 selecting, acknowledging, and comprehending B. attending, sorting, interpreting, filtering, and rehearsing 25. Which of the following is a recommended strategy for dealing with emotional noise? A. Focus primarily on the speaker’s emotions. B. Avoid expressing your emotions. C. Use self-talk to manage your emotion s. D. Immediately respond to the listener with the emotions you are feeling. 26. As she was listening to Teri’s account of her family vacation, Serena was mentally making a list of the shopping she had to do that afternoon. Which of the following best describes the cause of Serena’s failure to listen? A. self-focus emotional noise B. criticism C. information overload 27. Information processing rate can be a barrier to listening because ____________________. A. people are normally capable of processing information faster than most speakers speak. B. people are hardly ever capable of processing information as fast as most people speak. C. there is such a wide variety of processing abilities among people that no matter how fast or slow you speak, it will not be appropriate. D. recent research shows that there is little connection between speaker rate and listening effectiveness. 8. Poor listening often takes place because receivers make faulty assumptions about the nature of the information they are taking in: Sometimes we assume the information is too simplistic, other times we assume it is too complex. Which of the following personality types have a problem tuning out information they assume is too complex? A. Strong uncertainty avoiders 25 Weak uncertainty avoiders B. Ethnocentris ts C. Machiavellians 29. Kip, an electrical engineer, was recently sent by his company to Saudi Arabia to work for his organization’s Middle Eastern affiliate. Kip’s Saudi supervisor ordered Kip around, often used threats as a motivational tool, and became angry when Kip asked him questions. Kip ended up quitting his job. What cultural difference probably caused Kip to misinterpret his supervisor’s management style as rude and insulting? A. Individualism B. Power distance C. Collectivism D. Uncertainty avoidance 30. Being mindful requires that we are ______________________________________. A. consciously aware of cultural differences rather than ignoring the differences. B. think of what we will we say once the speaker is finished talking. C. consciously aware of our feedback. D. focused on preserving our relationship with other people. 31. The use of silence as a verbal ritual is frequently employed in which of the following? A. Masculine culture B. Feminine culture C. Low-context culture D. High-context culture 32. Beancake portrayed traditional 1933 Japanese culture as ________________________. high-context A. strong uncertainty avoidance B. large power distance C. All of the above 33. The Johari Window __________________________________________. A. stays relatively consistent for most people in most relationships. B. changes from relationship to relationship, but stays the same for the duration of that relationship. C. differs from person to person for each relationship, and changes during the stages of relationship. D. A and B are true, but not C. 34. According to the textbook, the normative amount of emotional expression shown by individuals from the United States is ______________________________. A. more than most other cultures. B. less than most other cultures. C. about the same as most other cultures. D. falls in the middle of most other cultures. 35. A common pattern in United States culture is for one person’s self-disclosure to be followed by a similar self-disclosure from the other person. This is the characteristic of self-disclosure known as _____________________________. reciprocity A. appropriateness assessment B. reflexivity 36. Altman and Taylor’s model of social penetration includes __________________________. A. how people reduce uncertainty about each other in the early stages of a relationship. B. how people make use of verbal and nonverbal communication to form impressions of the other C. ow much and what kind of information we reveal in various stages of a relationship D. how men and women communicated differently in friendship relationships. 37. Eileen and Roberto study together for their communication class. They find themselves discussing a wide variety of topics, but have kept their personal disclosures minimal and the interaction superficial. This relationship would be characterized as having ___ ____________. great depth but little depth. A. great breadth but little depth. B. neither much depth nor breadth. C. great depth and breadth. 38. A tendency to seek out individuals who represent the same level of physical attractiveness as oneself is __________________________. affection. A. inclusion. B. short-term attraction. C. matching hypothesis. 39. Which of the following theories studies the driving human motivation to increase predictability by marginalizing the unknown in one’s circumstances? Social penetration A. Uncertainty reduction B. Expectation violation C. Primary socialization 40. Nonverbal and verbal cues that indicate liking are referred to as _________________. immediacy. A. proximity cues. B. complementarity. C. nclusion cues. True/False Questions 41. Frank Dance’s helical model of communication suggests that communication can be reversed. F 42. Because many nonverbal behaviors may occur at the same time, it is sometimes difficult to interpret nonverbal behavior accurately. T 43. According to the textbook, your self-image is how you view yourself in a particular situation. T 44. †Vote f or Bush or pay more taxes! † is an example of polarization. T 45. â€Å"Fag† would be considered a trigger word for many people. T 46. Generally speaking, gestures that are friendly in one culture will be friendly in another. F 47. Attending to a message means spending a considerable amount of time processing a particular message. F 48. Women are better at shifting attention between simultaneous messages than men. T 49. Asking appropriate questions is one of the methods given for listening with empathy. T 50. A worldview is the general cultural perspective that determines how the culture perceives various forces in explaining why events occur the way they do. T Extra credit question: 51. Pejorative words used to cause explicit group devaluation are __________________. A. ethnocentric B. ethnophaulisms C. ethnolinguistic D. ethnic identities How to cite Midterm Exam, Essay examples Midterm Exam Free Essays For humans it is the potential for long-term maintenance of well-being, which in turn depends on the maintenance of the natural world and natural resources. As the earth’s human population has increased, natural ecosystems have declined and changes in the balance of trial cycles have had a negative impact on both humans and other living systems. Paul Hawked provides 1 2 steps towards a sustainable society. We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, Hawked argues that state and national governments should reclaim their power to regulate corporations by rewriting and renewing current corporate charters. Second, Hawked agrees that companies and consumers should be forced to include all the environmental and social costs in making, producing, using, and disposing of products in the cost of goods. Third, we should tax the amount of non-renewable resources, the amount of fossil eels, the amount of waste, and the amount of environment destroyed or abused. Fourth, Hawked says that governments should lease companies the right to use and control certain resources such as fisheries, forests. By making these companies’ profits dependent on how productive these resources are, they will have a real incentive to protect and even restore these environments to health. Fifth, companies would compete to create industrial design processes in which they greatly reduce their waste. Instead of depending on polluting the environment with their wastes, companies should figure out owe to reduce wastes and actually make them a source of profits. Sixth, consumers would lease the right to use products such as us or cars from companies and the companies are responsible for recycling and disposing of those products when the consumer is done using them. Seventh, here Hawked encourages consumers and citizens to put pressure on their politicians and governments to create and enforce strict environmental, health, and social standards. Eighth, Hawked argues that local, state, and national governments must once again be active overseers and regulators of corporations and businesses. Currently corporations argue that governments should not interfere in business and disrupt the magic of free enterprise and the market. Ninth, people need to be taught to understand and consider the larger environmental and social impacts of their actions. Fifth public better understand the environmental risks and benefits of their actions, they would have real incentives to take actions that would protect the environment, their health, and the well-being of their society. Tenth, Hawked tells that we need to do local, state, national, and global surveys of the environment and the impact Of our activities on nature. Eleventh, Hawked thinks that environmentalists will only successfully win the support of the poor and Third World peoples if they convince them that such environmental and economic reforms will improve their health and standards of living. Twelfth, Hawked concludes that these economic and environmental reforms cannot be solely based on economic incentives and profits. These reforms must also be focused on the individual, social, cultural, environmental, and religious benefits of protecting and restoring the environment. Ways of living more sustainable can take many forms. Green building, sustainable agriculture, or sustainable architecture, or using science to develop new technologies, green technologies, renewable energy, to adjustments in individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources. 2. Explain Andrew Dobbin’s notion of â€Å"Ecological Citizenship. † Start out with a relevant quote from Dobbin’s essay and proceed to explain the terms involved and the overall significance of this notion. Citizenship is being a part of the society. Ecological citizenship is the state, character or behavior of a person viewed as a member of the ecosystem with attendant rights and responsibilities, especially the responsibility to maintain ecological integrity and the right to exist in a healthy environment. From the reading, † Ecological citizenship deals in the currency of non-contractual responsibility, it inhabits the private as well as the public sphere, it refers to the source rather than the nature of responsibility to determine what count as citizenship virtues, it works with the language of virtue, and it is explicitly non-territorial. (89) However, ecological citizenship, like ecologist, moves in radically new directions. As a means to address global unsuitability, citizenship must exist in an entirely different non-territorial political space, and the space in which a redefined citizenship can be located is our individual ecological footprint. In other words, ecological citizenship is an essential prerequisite of a sustainable society. â€Å"The PRI uncial ecological citizenship obligation is ensure that ecological footprint makes a sustainable, rather than an unsustainable, impact. (1 1 8) Ecological citizenship is presented as an example and inflection of post-cosmopolitan citizenship. It is contrasted with environmental citizenship. The idea of ecological footprint is a composite measure, which informs sustainable development, ecological economics and urban studies. It is quickly becoming a very practical tool for measuring human impact on the Earth’s resource base. The ecological footprint is presented as the ecological citizenship, it is used to cause and effect that call forth post-cosmopolitan obligations. . Michael Mandates criticizes the practice of â€Å"individualizing responsibility. † Explain what does that mean. Michael Mandates mentioned in his article, † My claim in this chapter is that an accelerating individualizing of responsibility in the United Stat es is narrowing, in dangerous ways, our â€Å"environmental imagination† and undermining our capacity to react effectively to environmental threats to human wellbeing. Those troubled by overcompensation, consumerism, and communication should not and cannot ignore this narrowing. Confronting the individualizing of responsibility patently undermines. â€Å"(374) The result is to narrow our collective ability to imagine and pursue a variety of productive responses to the environmental problems before us. When responsibility for environmental problems is individualized, there is little room to ponder institutions, the nature and exercise of political power, or ways of collectively changing the district option of power and influence in society. Many people think that environmental problems are for other people or the government to do something about. But, the environmental issues impact on the quality of life of each and individuals of us, as well as all future generations. Many people also question, â€Å"What difference can I make? † The answer to this is critical: it is the combined impact of everyone’s activities which will make a preference, just as democracy only works if enough people take the time and effort to cast their individual votes, which lead to what the majority desire. If everyone takes care of their immediate surroundings and minimizes their own individual resource use, then together these actions will make a difference. . What are the principles Of thought practiced by CEO-Feminism according to Ecological feminism is based on the premise that there Karen J. Warren? Exists a connection between the domination of women the neglect and exploitation of the natural world. According to Karen J. Warren, she gives us a new way of looking and understanding things. She claims that an oppressive conceptual f ramework is the set of values and attitudes that shape the way in which we look at the world. There exists a characteristic in our oppressive conceptual framework, which is called the logic of domination. Warren’s issue isn’t so much that this sort of system is used in the framework, but the way in which it is used that ultimately make women inferior. Her point is that this very same framework, which leads to the logic of domination, is also used to oppress the natural world. It is a feminism that critiques male bias wherever it occurs in ethics (including environmental ethics) and alms at providing an ethic (including an environmental ethic), which is not male biased-and it does so in a way that satisfies the preliminary boundary conditions of a feminist ethic. (11) Based on her idea, this framework identifies women with nature. Since nature is deemed inferior to man, then women alike are deemed inferior since they are parallel to nature. In conclusion, in order to abolish both the oppression of women and nature this conceptual framework must e abolished. At the end of the chapter she said, â€Å"A re-conceiving and re- visioning of both feminism and environmental ethi cs, is, I think, the power and promise of coefficients. â€Å"(1 5) Coefficients combines the philosophy of feminism with the principles of ecology and environmental ethics. Coefficients generally claims that the patriarchal structures of our society are what cause environmental degradation. 6. What is, according to Hans Jonas, the categorical imperative, I. E. The absolute commandment, of our age? Is this an anthropocentric view? Discuss and explain. The main idea of this reading is shown at the beginning, † Care for the future of mankind is the overruling duty of collective human action in the age of a technical civilization that has become ‘almighty,’ if not in its productive then at least in its destructive potential. (77) There’s a major impact on the environment in the distant future. We are on the verge of population explosion. While the population has reached a record high, the resources to meet the increasing population have not increased in the same ratio. On the contrary, we are destroying the limited resources at a rapid peed, and very soon we would have used up all the non-renewable resources totally. Unless we take concrete preventive steps in this direction, the incidences and the impact of these disasters would only multiply and would seriously affect the lifestyle and standard of living of future generations. It’s time for actions. ‘ ‘The further observation that in whatever time is left the corrections will become more and more difficult and the freedom to make them more and more restricted. This heightens the duty to that vigilance Over the beginnings which grants priority to well-?grounded ears over against hopes, even if no less well grounded. (91) We are in the present generation are forewarned about the imminent damage we have been inflicting on our environment and our own health. Future generations will have to bear the dire consequences by the environmental devastation. Such damage poses long-lasting threats that affect the health and wellbeing of future generations. It is about time that we gave thoughtful consideration to protect future generations . It is about time that we rise and speak for the interests of future generations, so that they are able to live on a healthy planet. How to cite Midterm Exam, Papers Midterm Exam Free Essays NAME: _______________________________ BSAD 180: Managerial Finance Midterm Exam I. Multiple Choices (40%) ( b)1. The primary goal of financial management is to: a. We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now maximize current dividends per share of the existing stock. b. maximize the current value per share of the existing stock. c. avoid financial distress. d. minimize operational costs and maximize firm efficiency. e. maintain steady growth in both sales and net earnings. ( c ) 2. The interest rate expressed as if it were compounded once per year is called the _____ rate. a. stated interest b. ompound interest c. effective annual d. periodic interest e. daily interest ( b )3. You are comparing two investment options. The cost to invest in either option is the same today. Both options will provide you with $20,000 of income. Option A pays five annual payments starting with $8,000 the first year followed by four annual payments of $3,000 each. Option B pays five annual payments of $4,000 each. Which one of the following statements is correct given these two investment options? a. Both options are of equal value given that they both provide $20,000 of income. . Option A is the better choi ce of the two given any positive rate of return. c. Option B has a higher present value than option A given a positive rate of return. d. Option B has a lower future value at year 5 than option A given a zero rate of return. e. Option A is preferable because it is an annuity due. ( d )4. Your parents are giving you $100 a month for four years while you are in college. At a 6% discount rate, what are these payments worth to you when you first start college? a. $3,797. 40 b. $4,167. 09 c. $4,198. 79 d. $4,258. 03 e. 4,279. 32 ( c )5. The time value of money concept can be defined as: a. the relationship between the supply and demand of money. b. the relationship between money spent versus money received. c. the relationship between a dollar to be received in the future and a dollar today. d. the relationship of interest rate stated and amount paid. e. None of the above. ( b)6. Marko, Inc. is considering the purchase of ABC Co. Marko believes that ABC Co. can generate cash flows of $5, 000, $9,000, and $15,000 over the next three years, respectively. After that time, Marko feels ABC will be worthless. Marko has determined that a 14% rate of return is applicable to this potential purchase. What is Marko willing to pay today to buy ABC Co.? a. $19,201. 76 b. $21,435. 74 c. $23,457. 96 d. $27,808. 17 e. $31,758. 00 ( b)7. What is the effective annual rate if a bank charges you 7. 64% compounded quarterly? a. 7. 79% b. 7. 86% c. 7. 95% d. 7. 98% e. 8. 01% ( a)8. A General Co. bond has an 8% coupon and pays interest annually. The face value is $1,000 and the current market price is $1,020. 0. The bond matures in 20 years. What is the yield to maturity? a. 7. 79% b. 7. 82% c. 8. 00% d. 8. 04% e. 8. 12% ( a)9. Wine and Roses, Inc. offers a 7% coupon bond with semiannual payments and a yield to maturity of 7. 73%. The bonds mature in 9 years. What is the market price of a $1,000 face value bond? a. $953. 28 b. $963. 88 c. $1,108. 16 d. $1,401. 26 e. $1,401. 86 ( a)10. What is the net present value of a project that has an initial cash ou tflow of $12,670 and the following cash inflows? The required return is 11. 5%. YearCash Inflows 1 $4,375 2 $ 0 3 $8,750 4 $4,100 a. $218. 68 b. $370. 16 c. $768. 20 d. $1,249. 65 e. $1,371. 02 II. Essays/Calculations (60%) 1. You are planning to save for retirement over the next 30 years. To do this, you will invest $1,000 a month in a stock mutual fund account. The return of the account is expected to be 1% per month. When you retire, you will put your money into a safer account that will earn 0. 5% per month. How much can you withdraw each month from your account assuming a 25-year withdrawal period? 2. Miller Corp. has a premium bond making semiannual payments. The bond pays an 8% coupon, has a YTM of 6%, and has 10 years to maturity. The Modigliani Corp. has a discount bond making annual payments. The bond pays a 6% coupon, has a YTM of 8%, and also has 10 years to maturity. If interest rates remain unchanged, what do you expect the price of these bonds to be 1 year from now? In 5 years? In 10 years? Please also illustrate your answers by graphing bond prices versus time to maturity. 3. Define the following terms: (a) Pure discount loan. b) YTM. (c) Call bond. 4. You are ready to buy a house and you have $20,000 for a down payment and closing costs. Closing costs are estimated to be $5,000. The interest rate on the loan is 5. 5% per year with monthly compounding for a 30-year fixed rate loan. You are able to buy the house at $165,000. What is the monthly payment? Suppose that you have an annual salary of $50,000. What is the ratio of the mortgage payment to your monthly income? 5. You receive a credit card application from Muwa Bank offering an introductory rate of 1. 9% per year, compounded monthly for the first 6 months, increasing thereafter to 22. 99% compounded monthly. Assuming that you transfer the $5,000 balance from your existing credit card and make no subsequent payment, how much interest will you owe at the end of the first year? 6. The Brennan Co. just paid a dividend of $1 per share on its stock. The dividends are expected to grow at 8% for two years. After that, the growth rate will equal 6% per year indefinitely. The cost of equity is 12%. The YTM on 30-year T-bond is 10%. What is the fair price of the shares today? How to cite Midterm Exam, Papers

Research Paper on Icd-10 Implementaion free essay sample

Since the development of the ICD-9-CM system there are new diseases and diagnoses that have been discovered, and the current system of three digit categories with no more then ten subcategories each just can’t cover all of the reasons why people seek medical treatment. The ways in which your job will change will largely depend on the type of setting in which you currently work. I am going to be working in the coding and billing department.For the coding department I will need to learn the new coding system which includes roughly 55,000 codes with which I’m not currently familiar with. I will also need to learn the new code books and styles, I will need to use both ICD-10 and ICD-9 simultaneously for a period of roughly two years, I will need to work with my office’es physician to go over the new documentation requirements, and I will need to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of medical terminology and human anatomy, due to the increased specificity of ICD -10. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Icd-10 Implementaion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the billing department I will need to be trained in a new set of policies and procedures, which could result in lowered productivity if my employer doesn’t start training soon enough or worse doesn’t provide any ICD-10 training at all. I also will need to learn the new polices regarding payment reimbursement and I will need to understand the new electronic formatting procedures, in addition to the new ANSCI reporting methods. ICD-10-CM will be used by all providers in every health care setting,ICD-10-PCS will be used for only hospital claims for inpatient hospital procedures. Physician practices will need to make system modifications or enhancements. Some system impacts include implementing new technology to assist with code assignment because of the large number of ICD-10 codes, maintaining both ICD-9 and ICD-10 for a period depending on the needs of the individual practice and the ability to resubmit and increased number of denied claims due to errors on both the payer and provider side.The GEMs are the product of a coordinated effort spanning several years and involving the National Center for Health Statistics, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, AHIMA, the Americna Hospital Association and 3M Health Information Systems. The GEM files are a public domain reference mapping designed to give all sectors of the healthcare industry that use coded data a tool to convert and test systems, link data in long-term clinical studies, develop application specific mappings and analyze data collected during the transition period and beyond.

windows nt 4.0 Essay Example For Students

windows nt 4.0 Essay Windows NT Operating System Windows NT History. Since it was first released in 1993, Microsoft Windows NT Server has established itself as the network operating system (NOS) of choice for countless organizations of all sizes in private industry and public agencies. They have discovered that Windows NT Server is extremely reliable, highly scalable, and capable of handling the complex, mission-critical demands of even large Fortune 500 corporations. But the widespread adoption of Windows NT Server stems from more than just its operating system capabilities. What IT managers in every industry are discovering is that Windows NT Server provides a complete and solid platform for an all-encompassing range of services and activities. It combines the best aspects of an application server, a file and printer server, a communications server, and a Web server — along with interoperability and management features that make it an excellent NOS for organizations, whether they have mixed computing environments or operate entirely on Windows NT Server. Windows NT provides the backbone for a complete, organic system, where all elements working together seamlessly. We will write a custom essay on windows nt 4.0 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When joined with other Windows NT-related products, including the BackOffice family of applications and Windows NT Workstation, Windows NT Server provides the foundation for a powerful and well integrated environment. That integration means that administrators and developers can focus on their jobs, instead of spending time and money wrangling with disparate systems and applications.1 Scalability. Windows NT runs across both Intel- and RISC- based architectures, providing maximum flexibility and minimizing the number of operating system platforms that businesses need to support. Windows NT runs 32-bit applications , and many 16-bit applications. That’s because each 16-bit application can run as a separate, multi-tasked process in its own memory address space–isolated from other active applications. This multi-tasking process also boosts application speed and responsiveness, and provides maximum data and application protection. Windows NT is also licensed for use on Symmetric Multi Processing (SMP) servers with up to eight processors for high scalability. Versions of Windows NT Server, available from select system vendors support even larger SMP servers up to 32-processor support. Large SMP servers running Windows NT Server represent a powerful upgrade path for enterprise applications that need to handle more users and data. NT Enterprise Edition’s 4 GB Memory Tuning feature (4GT) supports servers that have up to 4 GB of RAM. This new capability allows memory-intensive applications running on the OS to use up to 50 percent more RAM on 32-bit Intel-architecture servers. 4GT does this by reducing the potential RAM allocated to the Windows NT kernel from 2 GB to 1 GB and increasing the potential RAM allocated to applications from 2 GB to 3 GB. The result can dramatically improve performance.2 NT Security. The high level of security in Windows NT provides benefits in both standalone and connected environments, and works regardless of your choice of network operating system. That’s because Windows NT a virtual gate through which all users, resources, and applications must pass–giving comprehensive control and User?security. The security features in Windows NT Workstation include:Industry standard-based certificates to?authentication and access controlThe Windows NT File System (NTFS) to protect?verify the origin of unknown code ? Auditing to identify potential risks ?the file system and its contents Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) for secure Internet connections With Windows NT, you control which users and applications have access to your crucial data, line-of-business applications, and base operating system–so you can keep your system safe from tampering or user error. And you can set separate user profiles on a single desktop, each with its own set of clearances and prohibitions. A secure network system has many characteristics. A baseline measurement of a secure operating system is the U.S. National Security Agency’s criteria for a C2-level secure system. Although C2 security is a requirement of many U. S. Government installations, its substantial value extends to any organization concerned about the security of its information.3 The operating system must protect data stored in memory for one process so that it is not randomly reused by other processes. For example, Microsoft Windows NT Server operating system protects memory so that its contents cannot be read after it is freed by a process. In addition, when a file is deleted, users must not be able to access the file’s data even when the disk space used by that file is allocated for use by another file. This protection must also extend to the disk, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and any other devices. Each user must uniquely identify himself or herself. In the Windows NT Server operating system, this is achieved by typing a unique logon name and password before being allowed access to the system. .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .postImageUrl , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:visited , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:active { border:0!important; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:active , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Subject: English Essay The system must be able to use this unique identification to track the activities of the user. Also, system administrators must be able to audit security-related events and the actions of individual users. Access to this audit data must be limited to authorized administrators. In addition to meeting the U. S. Government’s C2 requirements, there are certain â€Å"real world† security problems that a fully secure system must also solve. These real world security issues tend to fall into two categories: managing security and using security. Windows NT Server is designed to meet the requirements for a C2 secure system while also providing excellent tools for both managing and using these comprehensive security features. The requirements for a C2 secure system are articulated by the U.S. Department of Defense’s National Computer Security Center (NCSC) in the publication Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, also known as the â€Å"Orange Book.† All systems, whether they are network operating systems or standalone operating systems, are evaluated under the criteria set forth in the Orange Book. Windows NT Server was designed from the ground up to comply with the NCSC’s Orange Book requirements. Microsoft and the NCSC have worked closely throughout development to ensure that both Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server comply with the government’s requirements for a C2 secure system. The NCSC has published different â€Å"interpretations† of the Orange Book. These interpretations clarify Orange Book requirements with respect to specific system components. For example, the NCSC’s Trusted Network Interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, or â€Å"Red Book† is an interpretation of Orange Book security requirements as they would be applied to the networking component of a secure system. The Red Book does not change the requirements, it simply indicates how a network system should operate in order to meet Orange Book requirements for a C2 secure system. Although C2 security is a requirement of many U.S. Government installations, its value extends to any organization concerned about the security of its information. Windows NT also supports security in confronting the highly challenging security environment of the Internet. Windows NT, in combination with Internet Explorer 4.0, lets you establish various levels of â€Å"trust zones† for a comprehensive approach to managing high-risk unknown sites, moderate-risk known â€Å"extranet† sites, as well as low-risk intranet sites. Windows NT Server stores user account information, including a derivative of the user account password, in a secure portion of the registry protected by access control and an obfuscation function. The account information in the registry is only accessible to members of the administrators group. Windows NT Server, like other operating systems, allows privileged users who are administrators to access all resources on the system. For users who require enhanced security, strong encryption of account password derivative information provides an additional level of security to prevent administrators from intentionally or unintentionally accessing password derivatives using registry-programming interfaces. Strong encryption protects private account information by encrypting the password data using a 128-bit cryptographically random key, known as a password encryption key. NT World Wide Web Service. (IIS v.4) The Web is transforming the way organizations communicate and conduct business. Each day, companies are finding new ways to exploit Internet technology, not only for tapping into virtually unlimited reservoirs of information, but for building new communications infrastructures that are easily accessed with browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer. Intranets and extranets are an increasingly common means for establishing powerful avenues of communications, internally as well as externally for communicating with customers, partners, and suppliers. By unifying the Web server into the operating system, Windows NT Server minimizes the traditional scenario in which additional software, and sometimes hardware, must be licensed to design, deploy, and manage Web applications.3 Windows NT Server includes software required for creating intranets, commerce-enabled Web sites, and extranets. Included tools run the gamut from basic, entry-level Web page creation software to sophisticated scripting tools. Custom and line-of-business applications: More and more businesses need the flexibility of buying or building applications, depending on the tasks at hand. Today there are literally thousands of applications designed from inception to maximize the management and performance features of Windows NT Server. If an organization needs an application that is not available off the shelf, Windows NT Server meshes seamlessly with rich development tools — including the Microsoft Visual Studio development system — and Microsoft SQL ServerTM to provide a unified, easy-to-use environment for unlimited application development potential. .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .postImageUrl , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:visited , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:active { border:0!important; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:active , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation is Not the Problem Essay The combination of Web and operating system services in Windows NT Server 4.0 makes it possible for the first time to deploy scalable and reliable Web-based applications. Windows NT Server 4.0 incorporates Internet Information Server 4. 0 (IIS)services, enhancing the operating system into a singular, cohesive platform that combines easy, reliable applications services with comprehensive Web services. IIS also supports multiple Web server scenarios, ranging from simple Web sites on a corporate intranet to large Internet Service Provider (ISP) Web-hosting farms. Specifically, IIS 4.0 accommodates multiple Web sites with support for host headers, Web Site Operators, per-Web site bandwidth throttling, and enhanced Web-based administration. Crash Protection allows customers to run multiple applications reliably on the Web server. If one application crashes, the Web server and other applications will continue to run, and the failed application restarts upon the next request. IIS 4.0 provides the highest levels of integration with Windows NT Server. By integrating the Web server with the base operating system, Windows NT Server and IIS 4.0 provide organizations with an integrated platform for managing their network, Web and applications.4 Certificate Server 1.0. Certificate Server is a general-purpose, highly customizable server application for managing the issuance, revocation, and renewal of digital certificates. Digital certificates are used for public-key cryptography applications, such as server and client authentication under the Secure Sockets layer (SSL) or Private Communication Technology (PCT) protocols. With Certificate Server, organizations can perform authentications on a corporate intranet or across the Internet. IIS 4. 0 includes an integrated certificate server that is tightly integrated with the Windows NT Server security model allowing organizations to issue and manage Internet standard X.509 digital certificates. This release also offers security enhancements for international banks. Using Server Gated Crypto technology, international banks are able to offer the strongest (128-bit) encryption for its online transactions. Future of Windows NT Much has changed since the 1996 launch of Windows NT Server 4.0. Customer requirements for a server operating system have evolved to include support for applications, Web services, communications, and much more. As most organizations have sought to keep computer system costs down, they have demanded more versatility from their server operating systems. One multipurpose server can often replace several disparate, single-purpose servers–an efficiency that helps simplify and consolidate the computing environment. Further, the server operating system has taken an increasingly critical role in conducting everyday business, and networks and computing systems have grown more complex. Security issues have become more important: As organizations have more of their business wrapped up in the network, they have more to protect. Windows NT has been consistently improved, enhanced, and updated to meet those requirements. Windows NT has become the most comprehensive server operating system, combining best of class application services, file and print services, communications services and Web services. Yet at the core is a stable code base that has proven to be a strong and versatile performer for organizations of all sizes, earning broad industry support in the form of products and services built around Windows NT Microsoft has made several comprehensive improvements to Windows NT, with the addition of an Option Pack, Service Pack 6 and two specialized versions –Windows NT Server 4.0, Enterprise Edition and Windows NT Server 4.0, Terminal Server Edition. Windows NT Option Pack contains Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ), Internet Connection Services for Remote Access Service (RAS), and improved Internet Information Server (IIS) technologies. Service Pack 4 contains updates for Windows NT Server 4.0 for Year-2000 compliance and Euro currency, new management and security features, as well as improvements to the reliability and usability of the product.5 It also provides Windows NT with font support for the Euro, the proposed single currency of the European Union. This support enables users to input and display the Euro symbol in applications that are Euro symbol-enabled. Service Pack 4 includes the new Euro currency symbol in core fonts. The rich features of Windows NT Server make it an ideal network operating system. It is the ideal platform for enterprise computing, providing a unified, high-performance environment for the Web, for building applications, and for communications and collaboration

Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox

Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox Known for: known for her plotting on behalf of Roman Catholicism in England.  Ã‚  She was the  grandmother of James VI of Scotland who became James I of England, and the mother of James father, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley.. Margaret Douglas was the niece of Tudor King Henry VIII and granddaughter of Henry VII. Dates: October 8, 1515 - March 7, 1578 Heritage Margaret Douglas  mother was Margaret Tudor, daughter of Englands King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Margaret Tudor, named for her paternal grandmother,  Margaret Beaufort, was the widow of James IV of Scotland. Margaret Douglas father was Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus; the marriage of Margaret Tudor and Archibald Douglas in 1514, at first secret, was the second for each, and alienated many of the other Scottish nobles and threatened her supervision of her two sons by James IV, James V (1512-1542) and Alexander (1514-1515). Margaret Douglas, the only child of her mothers second marriage, was brought up with and was a lifelong friend to King Henry VIIIs daughter by Catherine of Aragon, Princess Mary, later Englands Queen Mary I. Scandalous Relations Margaret Douglas became engaged to Thomas Howard while she was a lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn, the second queen of Margarets uncle Henry VIII. Howard was sent to the Tower of London in 1537 for their unauthorized relationship, as Margaret was at that time next in line of succession, Henry VIII having declared illegitimate his daughters Mary and Elizabeth. Love poems she wrote to Thomas Howard were preserved in the Devonshire MS, now in the British Library. Margaret had reconciled with her uncle by 1539, when he asked her to greet his new bride Anne of Cleves on her arrival in England. In 1540, Margaret had an affair with Charles Howard, nephew of Thomas Howard and brother of Catherine Howard, the fifth queen of Henry VIII. But again Henry VIII reconciled with his niece, and Margaret was a witness to his sixth and final marriage, to Catherine Parr, who had known Margaret for many years. Marriage In 1544, Margaret Douglas married Matthew Stewart, the 4th Earl of Lennox, who was living in England. Their elder son, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, in 1565 married Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of James V, Margaret Douglas half-brother. The Stewart (Stuart) name for a later line of kings of England and Scotland comes from Margaret Douglas second husband through the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley. Plotting Against Elizabeth After Marys death and the succession of Protestant Queen Elizabeth I in 1558, Margaret Douglas retired to Yorkshire, where she became involved with Roman Catholic plotting. In 1566 Elizabeth had Lady Lennox sent to the Tower. Margaret Douglas was released after her son, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, was murdered in 1567. In 1570-71, Matthew Stewart, Margarets husband, became Regent in Scotland; he was assassinated in 1571. Margaret was again imprisoned in 1574 when her younger son Charles married without royal permission; she was pardoned in 1577 after he died. She briefly helped care for the daughter of Charles, Arbella Stuart. Death and Legacy Margaret Douglas died only a year after she was released. Queen Elizabeth I gave her a large funeral. Her effigy lies in Westminster Abbey, where her son Charles is also buried. The grandson of Margaret Douglas, James, who was the son of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and of Mary, Queen of Scots, became King James VI of Scotland and, at the death of Elizabeth I, was crowned King James I of England. He was the first Stewart king.

Why Some Conservatives Oppose Gay Marriage

Why Some Conservatives Oppose Gay Marriage While some conservatives oppose gay marriage, others do not. For conservatives who do oppose it, the issue has less to do with homophobia and more to do with protecting the Judeo-Christian view of marriage. Social Conservatives and Wedge Issues While it is true that social conservatives have been on the front lines of wedge issues, not all conservatives are as deeply passionate about them as others. In fact, a large portion of the conservative movement- fiscal conservatives and crunchy conservatives, for example- may find themselves disagreeing with social conservatives on issues like gay marriage. Nevertheless, simply identifying as a conservative is enough to earn the vitriol and condemnation of the LGBT movement. Opposition to Gay Marriage vs. Homophobia Most gay rights advocates voice opinions of their own. Conservatives are motivated by homophobia [or hate], they say. Conservatives use their religion as a way to oppose gay marriage, others opine. Still, others believe that conservatives dont harbor the same hatred for divorced people, vandals, or other sinners. They have a special hatred for gays and lesbians. Comments like these force even those who have no particular sentiment either way to take up sides and defend their loosely-held convictions (whether they lean to the right or the left on this issue). I dont support gay marriage is not the same as I hate gays, and those on the left are frequently too blinded by their advocacy to recognize it. Those that do simply refuse to acknowledge it. Not everyone who opposes gay marriage is a homophobe, and not everyone who opposes gay marriage hates people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender. By branding the religious end of an entire conservative movement as hateful, the people making such remarks come off as hateful of conservatives. It boils the issue down to one or the other, without considering those in between. Marriage As a Sacred Symbol For many people (not just religious conservatives), marriage is a sacred symbol of heterosexual love and commitment. Seeing it changed in such a profound way would be like the National Rifle Association suddenly claiming the rainbow flag as its symbol. Just as this would change the meaning of the flag in a way that is unpleasant to the LGBT community, so too would gay marriage change the meaning of marriage to a large part of the married community. Separation of Church and State? There is a common misconception among those on the left that the Constitution mandates a clear separation of church and state, yet that language is nowhere to be found in the document. The phrase was taken from a letter by Thomas Jefferson and bound into law by an activist Supreme Court in 1878. The Constitution deals with the issue of religion via the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. In the former case, Congress cannot pass laws based on religious principles and in the latter, the government cannot keep people from practicing their religion. National recognition of gay marriage is believed by many conservatives to be an example of government interfering with their right to practice their religion. They see it as akin to the government changing a basic tenet of their religion, not unlike forcing Orthodox Jews to eat pork or forcing Catholics to use something other than water in their baptisms. It reduces the covenant of marriage to a bureaucratic rubber stamp and also bastardizes the holiness of it. Recognition of Civil Unions vs. Marriage As it relates to the federal government, the trouble begins with how marriage is treated. There are very few mainstream or common-sense conservatives who will argue that a gay persons life-partner shouldnt be afforded the same rights as a married persons spouse, especially in instances where one of the parties is ill. The trouble with existing federal law is that it recognizes the institution of marriage, which is a holy, religious practice. While atheists will argue marriage is a legal covenant, most conservatives (and even many liberals) will concede that it is an act of religion. Most mainstream conservatives believe that civil unions would be a better way for the federal government to bestow benefits on couples. State vs. Federal While there are many conservatives who believe the institution of marriage should be defended as a covenant between a man and a woman, many more believe that the federal government shouldnt be dealing with the subject at all. Its a matter of jurisdiction. A large majority of conservatives believe the gay marriage issue is a states rights issue since there is no explicit language regarding the subject in the Constitution. According to the Tenth Amendment (Article X of the Bill of Rights), The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. If it were a matter of the states, there undoubtedly would be states in the U.S. that would permit gay marriage and others that wouldnt. For the majority of conservatives, this is fine as long as the voters of these states are the ones making the decisions (not the lawmakers). The Bottom Line For most mainstream conservatives, gay marriage isnt the issue it is for social conservatives. While there is a crossover for many on the right, political conservatism is less about wedge issues and more about limiting the size and scope of government, building a strong national defense and enabling the freedom of enterprise. Many conservatives who took a states right stance have put the issue on the back-burner since the Supreme Court decisions legalizing gay marriage and prohibiting state restrictions and bans.

Critical Review of Contemporary NPD Issues Essay

Critical Review of Contemporary NPD Issues - Essay Example Both the research findings acknowledge that the scale of a company’s operations is irrelevant to the chances of favorable outcomes related to the application of innovation, as Laforet (2011) suggests that the innovative capabilities of small and medium enterprises are comparable to that of large organizations. Another finding asserts that ideation has paradoxical managerial impacts by presenting both negative and positive consequences of the said process in organizations. The scale of the company however, does impact the choices it makes related to innovation, for example, why would a business wish to expand its ideation and innovation capabilities in the first place? Certainly as represented by the findings of the articles which are assessed, it can be noted that large organizations in comparison with small and medium enterprises realize the need to create a strategic fit between their resource capacities and assets as a comprehension of their ideation capabilities is directl y related to the distribution of resources which ultimately allows the formulation of an idea into an innovation. On the other hand, the objectives of a small or medium sized business in engaging in new product development maybe entirely associated with its objective of seeking success or to achieve short-term gain. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the competing ideologies of how New Product Development and Innovation should take place and how it actually takes place, which is either by entirely basing the framework of innovation at an organization upon the components of the ideation process or by engaging in an innovative practice by implementing system wide innovation procedures. Furthermore, the paper will also discuss the managerial implications of the articles’ findings by determining the variables and factors that are dependent upon the success of measures such as NPD, process improvement and ideation potential. Factors affecting innovation: Acc ording to Bjork et al. (2010) the foundation of innovation is idea generation or ideation which is dependent upon the level of creativity and inventiveness of the employees and groups within an organization. Once this principle is recognized by the management, it should try to develop channels through which employees can successfully voice their ideas, such channels can range from technology centered pathways or the utilization of teams that should range across functional departments of an organization. Cooper (2008) favors computer-based ideation techniques such as webpages which can allow external parties to supply ideas related to new products, such facilities are readily used by organizations such as Procter and Gamble which are at the forefront of an ideation revolution. Procter and Gamble’s Connect and Develop ideation model is an example of an open system that invites and welcomes idea stimulation from a range of contributors. Laforet (2011) presents a more traditional and conventional view of the factors that may influence innovation, this

Project Planning Management and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Planning Management and Control - Essay Example However, it should not escape the construction industry stakeholders that there are certain core factors and challenges that unpleasantly affect the planning, implementation and the completion of construction projects (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). Thus, construction stakeholders have to be conversant with and knowledgeable about the core principles of project planning, control, and management to successfully execute construction projects. Generally, project management entails all activities that deal with leading, planning, securing, organizing, administering and controlling resources so that defined project goals and objectives are achieved. Unlike normal business undertakings, construction projects are rather unpredictable, non-repetitive and rarely permanent in the functional activities that create the desired objectives. Project managers and workers thus require special and distinct technical and management skills/strategies to ensure all project factors and challenges are identifi ed and addressed thoroughly (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). This paper explores the various factors and challenges in construction projects and the possible solutions to the challenges. ... In most cases, project owners hire project contractors, whose duties include the coordination of all sub-contractors for a project. Different projects require different types and number of contractors. For instance, in simple housing projects, sub-contractors could be metalworkers, plumbers, electricians, carpenters, roofers and dry-wall installers. Effective contractors ensure that no gaps exist between the completion of one stage and the commencement of the next, thus saving time, cost and labor (Kerzner, 2003). Sound contracting principles and practices also ensure that only the best contractors that would not cause project friction by allowing job overlaps and delays are hired. Effective contracting is thus not only essential for the ordering and supplying of materials and laborers but also for the coordination of both off- and on-site sub-contractors (Kerzner, 2003). Furthermore, contractors serve as the link between project owners and workers through properly established commun ication avenues. Among the other construction project factors worth noting are efficiency, organization and project safety. To progress smoothly and realize its goals and objectives, a construction project requires the highest levels of planning and organization. The first indication of organization in construction projects is the presence of labor on-site with all the processes and material supplies well-coordinated (Phillips, 2003). This process and material coordination is particularly important for projects that rely on different suppliers for materials. In fact, in such projects, it would be quite costly if materials are omitted or supplied late. The increased

Bullying and Marsh Et Al Essay Example for Free

Bullying and Marsh Et Al Essay Everyday thousand of teens wake up terrified of attending school. About one in seven schools, a child is either a bully or a victim of bullying. Bullying is simply defined as a type of aggressive behavior that involves intent to cause harm and a power imbalance (Olweus, 1999). Bullying can range anywhere from psychological, physical (involving kicking and punching), verbal or cyber abuse. Bullying among children can be considered as a form of abuse’ (0-). It has been put forward that bullying is a division of aggressive behavior and has been further characterized as repetitive and ‘an inability on behalf of the victim to defend him or herself’ (Farrington, 1993, cited it Sapouna, 2008). We learn from Sapouna (2008) that bullying can take the form of ‘verbal (name calling), physical (hitting, kicking) or relational (deliberate exclusion from a group, spreading of malicious rumors). After extensive research in Scandinavia, Olweus(1993, cited in Kumpulainen et al.,1998) proposed that bullying can be carried out by one or more adolescents and usually occurs on repeated occasions, and to some extent, it occurs in all schools. Recently bullying amongst young people has gain notoriety in the press due to the extreme results it has had on certain young individuals. An example of this is Sian Yates, a 13 year old girl who committed suicide after repeated bullying (Daily Mail, 2007). Despite the press attention given to these cases, the extreme consequence of suicide does not occur in the majority of cases. Victims can suffer from a range of harmful effects such as humiliation, anxiety, depression, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, and emotional instability. This lead to the finding of Kumpulainen et al., (1998) that ‘bullying is a common phenomenon among children who are psychologically disturbed.’ The writer went on to say that there are ‘higher rates of psychological distress among both bullies and victims’ than those not involve. However, the literature is consistent in noting that the ‘bullied victims are the most troubled of the bully, victim, bully –vict im triad’ (Juvonen et al., 2003; Ma, 2001; Pellegrini, 2002; Pellegrini et al., 1999;Salmivalli Nieminen, 2002, cited in Cunningham, 2007). Should these lead agencies to focus more on protecting the victim? Some schools have decided that the way forward is to have zero tolerance policies. This may include all students who bully. However, if certain researcher’s numbers are correct it could mean excluding from school, forty percent of the school aged population. Given the widespread nature of the problem can zero tolerance really mean, â€Å"Zero tolerance†? We learn from the NHS ‘website teens for health’ (2008) that ‘anyone can be singled out by bullies.’ The NSPCC found that 31 per cent of children had been bullied at some point (Teens for health, 2008). This being the case, can anyone be bullied? Black and Jackson (2007) have put forward that there lies and ‘an imbalance of power’ between the parties involved in bullying. ‘The bully is stronger through social status, physical prowess, age, cognitive abilities or skill.’ Is this imbalance of power the sa me across the genders? There is an extensive body of literature that suggests that boys are more likely than girls to be bullies as well as victims (Nansel et al.2001; Boulton Smith, 1994; Boulton Underwood, 1992, cited in Marsh, Parada, Craven, Finger, 2004). This doesn’t mean girls cannot be bullies. Stephenson and Smith (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found that girls as well as boys fitted into the ‘five main groups of people involved in bullying’. These are: ‘dominating bullies, anxious bullies, bully-victims, classical victims, and provocative victims.’ These traits were also found by Sourander,Helstelà ¤, Helenius and Piha (2000) to have clinical implications. Sourander et al., (2000) noted that ‘Bullying is especially associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior while victimization is associated with internalizing problems.’ Whitney and Smith, (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found ‘bullies to be more prone to have criminal convictions later in life, and more likely to be involved in serious, recidivist crime’. Are criminal convections later in life a fair punishment for their actions? Or should something be done to help the bully? This leads to the question as what is the nature of these young people that make them prone to being a victim or a bully. In the search for a personality construct, many researchers have come to the agreement that ‘bullies are deficient in social information processing or may be intellectually disadvantaged’ (Besag, 1989, cited in Marsh et al., 2004). The work of Crick and Dodge (1994, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) explained that bullies responses to social situations are being met with a filtration process. This ‘cognitive filter’ is based on an aggressive individual interpreting neutral or ambiguous cues as hostile and therefore, making them more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors’ (Marsh et al., 2004). This was also seen to be the case in Bosworth, Espelage, and Simon (1999, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) when ‘a sample of adolescent high school students showed that misconduct, anger, and beliefs supportive of violence were significantly related to bullying behaviors’. Although bullying is an aggressive act, this does not imply that bullies and aggressive or conduct-disordered individuals are a homogenous group. Sutton et al (1999, cited in Marsh, 2004) put forward that bullies were part of a complex environment where they are require to ‘negotiate and attribute mental states to themselves and others to explain or predict their behavior.’ This idea contravenes the notion that ‘bullies are cognitively inept or simple in their inte ractions with peers’ (Sutton et al 1999, cited in Marsh, 2004). References â€Å"Bullying†. Violence Prevention. 1 Dec. 2012 http://www.violencepreventionworks.org/public/olweus_history.page Dawkins, J. L. (1996). Bullying, physical disability and the pediatric patient. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38 603-612. Espelage, D. L., Holt M. K., Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer group contextuals effects on aggressive behavior during early adolescence. Child development, 74, 205-220. Pelligrini, A. D. (2002) Bullying and victimization in schools: A Dominance relations perspective . Educational Psychologist, 37, 151-163.

Oedipus - Why Didnt His Foster Parents Tell Him The Truth :: essays research papers

Oedipus the King Why Didn't His Foster Parents Tell Him The Truth? Oedipus the King is the story of a man who was betrayed. Betrayed by the very people who gave him life and the very people who raised him. Oedipus was born to Laius and Jocasta the king and queen of Thebes. When Oedipus was born, they consulted an oracle that told them that he would grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. Fearing for their safety and the safety of their kingdom they had a servant take the infant to the mountains and leave him on the mountain to die. The servant felt sorry for the infant and gave him to a shepherd who in turn gave him to Polybus and Merope the king and queen of Corinth, who raised him as their own. When Oedipus was older, some men at a banquet who were drunk told him that "I am not my fathers' son". (860) Oedipus confronted Polybus and Merope and they were enraged by these accusations. They convinced Oedipus that the accusations weren't true, "so as for my parents I was satisfied (865). However, something was still gnawing at him. He consulted an oracle for himself and the oracle told Oedipus what the oracle told Laius and Jocasta. After he heard that prediction, he left Corinth never to return. If Polybus and Merope had told him the truth when Oedipus came to them he wouldn't have left Corinth and have set into motion this tragic chain of events. What were Polybus and Merope afraid of? Where they afraid of how Oedipus would have reacted if he knew that they weren't his birth parents, did they think that he wouldn't have understood and wouldn't have appreciated what they did for him. I think that Polybus and Merope have to share some of the blame for this mess, because they were not truthful. Oedipus thought he had avoided the curse by going the Thebes. By defeating the sphinx, he was the hero of the town. He was doing a noble thing by wanting to help his country by trying to find out who or what was causing this plague. When Oedipus finds out the truth he resists it, but he was relentless in his pursuit of it, He wanted to discover the truth in order to help his people but he refuses to believe that he's the cause of it, "What are you saying - Polybus was not my father?

Do Black People Have Equality with Whit People in the Us in Teh 21st Century?

It was just fifty years ago that racial segregation was one of the defining features of American society. Blacks were forced to exist separately from the rest of America – physically, economically, and socially – so reducing them to a second- or even third-class status which denied them their basic rights. The famous court case: â€Å"brown v the board of education†, raised awareness of segregation was the first major step towards change. Education is a basic necessity for every young person whatever their background is. Due to the influences that slavery has had, public education was only designed for white people. Even though black children attended schools, these were often deprived, due to the lack of facilities available. Segregation is a form of racial discrimination, keeping black and white people apart. Thousands of people suffered from segregation, whether they were made to give up their seat on the bus or if they were simply forced to live in certain areas. The lack of education has meant that black people have no chance for moving up in the world. With poor qualifications, they would have poor jobs prospects, working long hours and being paid next to nothing. Their children have no chance of moving up in the world. They have no chance of attending college let alone university or if they do they are unable to pay the tuition fees. The low percent that do manage to go there, have to work part-time or join the army in order to pay the fees. Poor jobs mean poor housing, which in turn means living in poor neighborhoods resulting in violence due to guns, alcohol, drugs. All this means that there is a higher chance of dying younger. Poor jobs also lead to poverty and a poor diet and bad health. In the 1960’s the civil rights movement lead by Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. fought for the rights of Black people. Both men believed in the same idea that equality was enshrined the constitution ‘that all men are created equal’. However, this was not being implemented. Both men went about achieving this in two different ways. Martin Luther King believed in a peaceful protest, whereas Malcolm X believed that violence was the key. There still isn’t enough black representation in the political system. Lack of political representation means that it has been difficult to enforce their rights. To conclude, the legacy of slavery has been the cause of the inequality between black and white people. Despite attempts to improve the lives of black people there has been only limited success . I think that the inequality of which black people suffer, has been caused by slavery. Without slavery having existed, would all men be equal?

Federalism Paper Review

Wanna, J 2007, ‘Improving Federalism: Drivers for Change, Repair Options and Reform Scenarios’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 275 – 279. | Purpose The author aims to present an overview of the proceedings from a roundtable discussion on federalism. The paper aims to inform readers of the views of participants by reporting on discussion points on the subject of improving federalism, through consideration of issues and challenges and options for reform. The author contrasts the different federalism characteristics discussed. Confused and competitive interactions occur between federal, state and local government with attendant impacts on service delivery. In particular much of the dysfunction in the current system stems from uncertainty around roles and an argumentative approach to dividing resources and defining responsibility. Federalism was in long term decline and a product of changing market forces from national and international pressure and global communication reducing regional identify. Overlapping policy interaction and involvement of the tiers of government was presented as an impediment to effective delineation of roles. Federalism provided greater accountability through increased scrutiny by multiple government and review of achievements particularly in contentious areas. Participants agreed federalism would be improved by gradual change. The author discussed the idea change should focus on advancing the current situation rather than whole-scale reform through a new paradigm of strategic pragmatism. The group considered that fiscal issues drive a shift to centralism. Improving federalism requires better relations, through increased clarity of roles and responsibilities and levels of trust, possibly formalised through agreements and structural rationalisation. Evidence The paper presents findings as observations from discussions initially. The author introduces uncited references and discusses external and personal views. The discussion of participants views are not quantified specifically and references are made to ‘most’, ‘many thought’, ‘those who believed’. The origin of sources is unclear. For example ‘some commentators’ is unclear as to whether these were participants or external views. Summarised statements appeared to be discussions of the participants merged with personal opinion. | Page 275, 276 and 277. Page 276Pages 275 – 277Page 276Page 278| Observations The author initially expresses an observational account of the proceedings of the meeting in a neutral manner. This approach gradually transitions into an academic piece that draws on the author’s extensive understanding of the field and his personal views together with unreferenced discussion of academic positions. The paper is confusing at times and apparently aims to presents the outcomes and discussion points of a meeting initially but soon changes to uncited external examples, statements and personal opinion. Whilst the author references the panel’s deliberations and discussions, these are unquantified references to participant’s opinions and refer simply to ‘many’ or ‘most participants’. The author seems to have a bias toward a principled view of federalism with support for a fusion of pragmatic and principled approaches. The paper appears contradictory in parts. For example, an observation was made that there was a widely held view that roles and responsibilities needed to be specified. It was later stated that the ‘jury was still out’ on whether this was a worthwhile goal, which appeared to be a personal view rather than reporting on discussions. In concluding the author draws on a range of options for specific reform that were not introduced earlier in the paper.