windows nt 4.0 Essay Example For Students

windows nt 4.0 Essay Windows NT Operating System Windows NT History. Since it was first released in 1993, Microsoft Windows NT Server has established itself as the network operating system (NOS) of choice for countless organizations of all sizes in private industry and public agencies. They have discovered that Windows NT Server is extremely reliable, highly scalable, and capable of handling the complex, mission-critical demands of even large Fortune 500 corporations. But the widespread adoption of Windows NT Server stems from more than just its operating system capabilities. What IT managers in every industry are discovering is that Windows NT Server provides a complete and solid platform for an all-encompassing range of services and activities. It combines the best aspects of an application server, a file and printer server, a communications server, and a Web server — along with interoperability and management features that make it an excellent NOS for organizations, whether they have mixed computing environments or operate entirely on Windows NT Server. Windows NT provides the backbone for a complete, organic system, where all elements working together seamlessly. We will write a custom essay on windows nt 4.0 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When joined with other Windows NT-related products, including the BackOffice family of applications and Windows NT Workstation, Windows NT Server provides the foundation for a powerful and well integrated environment. That integration means that administrators and developers can focus on their jobs, instead of spending time and money wrangling with disparate systems and applications.1 Scalability. Windows NT runs across both Intel- and RISC- based architectures, providing maximum flexibility and minimizing the number of operating system platforms that businesses need to support. Windows NT runs 32-bit applications , and many 16-bit applications. That’s because each 16-bit application can run as a separate, multi-tasked process in its own memory address space–isolated from other active applications. This multi-tasking process also boosts application speed and responsiveness, and provides maximum data and application protection. Windows NT is also licensed for use on Symmetric Multi Processing (SMP) servers with up to eight processors for high scalability. Versions of Windows NT Server, available from select system vendors support even larger SMP servers up to 32-processor support. Large SMP servers running Windows NT Server represent a powerful upgrade path for enterprise applications that need to handle more users and data. NT Enterprise Edition’s 4 GB Memory Tuning feature (4GT) supports servers that have up to 4 GB of RAM. This new capability allows memory-intensive applications running on the OS to use up to 50 percent more RAM on 32-bit Intel-architecture servers. 4GT does this by reducing the potential RAM allocated to the Windows NT kernel from 2 GB to 1 GB and increasing the potential RAM allocated to applications from 2 GB to 3 GB. The result can dramatically improve performance.2 NT Security. The high level of security in Windows NT provides benefits in both standalone and connected environments, and works regardless of your choice of network operating system. That’s because Windows NT a virtual gate through which all users, resources, and applications must pass–giving comprehensive control and User?security. The security features in Windows NT Workstation include:Industry standard-based certificates to?authentication and access controlThe Windows NT File System (NTFS) to protect?verify the origin of unknown code ? Auditing to identify potential risks ?the file system and its contents Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) for secure Internet connections With Windows NT, you control which users and applications have access to your crucial data, line-of-business applications, and base operating system–so you can keep your system safe from tampering or user error. And you can set separate user profiles on a single desktop, each with its own set of clearances and prohibitions. A secure network system has many characteristics. A baseline measurement of a secure operating system is the U.S. National Security Agency’s criteria for a C2-level secure system. Although C2 security is a requirement of many U. S. Government installations, its substantial value extends to any organization concerned about the security of its information.3 The operating system must protect data stored in memory for one process so that it is not randomly reused by other processes. For example, Microsoft Windows NT Server operating system protects memory so that its contents cannot be read after it is freed by a process. In addition, when a file is deleted, users must not be able to access the file’s data even when the disk space used by that file is allocated for use by another file. This protection must also extend to the disk, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and any other devices. Each user must uniquely identify himself or herself. In the Windows NT Server operating system, this is achieved by typing a unique logon name and password before being allowed access to the system. .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .postImageUrl , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:visited , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:active { border:0!important; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:active , .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5 .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60a5bbdd4b3f848c8db2d0ce62f9f2f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Subject: English Essay The system must be able to use this unique identification to track the activities of the user. Also, system administrators must be able to audit security-related events and the actions of individual users. Access to this audit data must be limited to authorized administrators. In addition to meeting the U. S. Government’s C2 requirements, there are certain â€Å"real world† security problems that a fully secure system must also solve. These real world security issues tend to fall into two categories: managing security and using security. Windows NT Server is designed to meet the requirements for a C2 secure system while also providing excellent tools for both managing and using these comprehensive security features. The requirements for a C2 secure system are articulated by the U.S. Department of Defense’s National Computer Security Center (NCSC) in the publication Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, also known as the â€Å"Orange Book.† All systems, whether they are network operating systems or standalone operating systems, are evaluated under the criteria set forth in the Orange Book. Windows NT Server was designed from the ground up to comply with the NCSC’s Orange Book requirements. Microsoft and the NCSC have worked closely throughout development to ensure that both Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server comply with the government’s requirements for a C2 secure system. The NCSC has published different â€Å"interpretations† of the Orange Book. These interpretations clarify Orange Book requirements with respect to specific system components. For example, the NCSC’s Trusted Network Interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, or â€Å"Red Book† is an interpretation of Orange Book security requirements as they would be applied to the networking component of a secure system. The Red Book does not change the requirements, it simply indicates how a network system should operate in order to meet Orange Book requirements for a C2 secure system. Although C2 security is a requirement of many U.S. Government installations, its value extends to any organization concerned about the security of its information. Windows NT also supports security in confronting the highly challenging security environment of the Internet. Windows NT, in combination with Internet Explorer 4.0, lets you establish various levels of â€Å"trust zones† for a comprehensive approach to managing high-risk unknown sites, moderate-risk known â€Å"extranet† sites, as well as low-risk intranet sites. Windows NT Server stores user account information, including a derivative of the user account password, in a secure portion of the registry protected by access control and an obfuscation function. The account information in the registry is only accessible to members of the administrators group. Windows NT Server, like other operating systems, allows privileged users who are administrators to access all resources on the system. For users who require enhanced security, strong encryption of account password derivative information provides an additional level of security to prevent administrators from intentionally or unintentionally accessing password derivatives using registry-programming interfaces. Strong encryption protects private account information by encrypting the password data using a 128-bit cryptographically random key, known as a password encryption key. NT World Wide Web Service. (IIS v.4) The Web is transforming the way organizations communicate and conduct business. Each day, companies are finding new ways to exploit Internet technology, not only for tapping into virtually unlimited reservoirs of information, but for building new communications infrastructures that are easily accessed with browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer. Intranets and extranets are an increasingly common means for establishing powerful avenues of communications, internally as well as externally for communicating with customers, partners, and suppliers. By unifying the Web server into the operating system, Windows NT Server minimizes the traditional scenario in which additional software, and sometimes hardware, must be licensed to design, deploy, and manage Web applications.3 Windows NT Server includes software required for creating intranets, commerce-enabled Web sites, and extranets. Included tools run the gamut from basic, entry-level Web page creation software to sophisticated scripting tools. Custom and line-of-business applications: More and more businesses need the flexibility of buying or building applications, depending on the tasks at hand. Today there are literally thousands of applications designed from inception to maximize the management and performance features of Windows NT Server. If an organization needs an application that is not available off the shelf, Windows NT Server meshes seamlessly with rich development tools — including the Microsoft Visual Studio development system — and Microsoft SQL ServerTM to provide a unified, easy-to-use environment for unlimited application development potential. .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .postImageUrl , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:visited , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:active { border:0!important; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:active , .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8 .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0deae56091e8de5764eb97c59ac82b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation is Not the Problem Essay The combination of Web and operating system services in Windows NT Server 4.0 makes it possible for the first time to deploy scalable and reliable Web-based applications. Windows NT Server 4.0 incorporates Internet Information Server 4. 0 (IIS)services, enhancing the operating system into a singular, cohesive platform that combines easy, reliable applications services with comprehensive Web services. IIS also supports multiple Web server scenarios, ranging from simple Web sites on a corporate intranet to large Internet Service Provider (ISP) Web-hosting farms. Specifically, IIS 4.0 accommodates multiple Web sites with support for host headers, Web Site Operators, per-Web site bandwidth throttling, and enhanced Web-based administration. Crash Protection allows customers to run multiple applications reliably on the Web server. If one application crashes, the Web server and other applications will continue to run, and the failed application restarts upon the next request. IIS 4.0 provides the highest levels of integration with Windows NT Server. By integrating the Web server with the base operating system, Windows NT Server and IIS 4.0 provide organizations with an integrated platform for managing their network, Web and applications.4 Certificate Server 1.0. Certificate Server is a general-purpose, highly customizable server application for managing the issuance, revocation, and renewal of digital certificates. Digital certificates are used for public-key cryptography applications, such as server and client authentication under the Secure Sockets layer (SSL) or Private Communication Technology (PCT) protocols. With Certificate Server, organizations can perform authentications on a corporate intranet or across the Internet. IIS 4. 0 includes an integrated certificate server that is tightly integrated with the Windows NT Server security model allowing organizations to issue and manage Internet standard X.509 digital certificates. This release also offers security enhancements for international banks. Using Server Gated Crypto technology, international banks are able to offer the strongest (128-bit) encryption for its online transactions. Future of Windows NT Much has changed since the 1996 launch of Windows NT Server 4.0. Customer requirements for a server operating system have evolved to include support for applications, Web services, communications, and much more. As most organizations have sought to keep computer system costs down, they have demanded more versatility from their server operating systems. One multipurpose server can often replace several disparate, single-purpose servers–an efficiency that helps simplify and consolidate the computing environment. Further, the server operating system has taken an increasingly critical role in conducting everyday business, and networks and computing systems have grown more complex. Security issues have become more important: As organizations have more of their business wrapped up in the network, they have more to protect. Windows NT has been consistently improved, enhanced, and updated to meet those requirements. Windows NT has become the most comprehensive server operating system, combining best of class application services, file and print services, communications services and Web services. Yet at the core is a stable code base that has proven to be a strong and versatile performer for organizations of all sizes, earning broad industry support in the form of products and services built around Windows NT Microsoft has made several comprehensive improvements to Windows NT, with the addition of an Option Pack, Service Pack 6 and two specialized versions –Windows NT Server 4.0, Enterprise Edition and Windows NT Server 4.0, Terminal Server Edition. Windows NT Option Pack contains Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ), Internet Connection Services for Remote Access Service (RAS), and improved Internet Information Server (IIS) technologies. Service Pack 4 contains updates for Windows NT Server 4.0 for Year-2000 compliance and Euro currency, new management and security features, as well as improvements to the reliability and usability of the product.5 It also provides Windows NT with font support for the Euro, the proposed single currency of the European Union. This support enables users to input and display the Euro symbol in applications that are Euro symbol-enabled. Service Pack 4 includes the new Euro currency symbol in core fonts. The rich features of Windows NT Server make it an ideal network operating system. It is the ideal platform for enterprise computing, providing a unified, high-performance environment for the Web, for building applications, and for communications and collaboration

Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox

Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox Known for: known for her plotting on behalf of Roman Catholicism in England.  Ã‚  She was the  grandmother of James VI of Scotland who became James I of England, and the mother of James father, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley.. Margaret Douglas was the niece of Tudor King Henry VIII and granddaughter of Henry VII. Dates: October 8, 1515 - March 7, 1578 Heritage Margaret Douglas  mother was Margaret Tudor, daughter of Englands King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Margaret Tudor, named for her paternal grandmother,  Margaret Beaufort, was the widow of James IV of Scotland. Margaret Douglas father was Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus; the marriage of Margaret Tudor and Archibald Douglas in 1514, at first secret, was the second for each, and alienated many of the other Scottish nobles and threatened her supervision of her two sons by James IV, James V (1512-1542) and Alexander (1514-1515). Margaret Douglas, the only child of her mothers second marriage, was brought up with and was a lifelong friend to King Henry VIIIs daughter by Catherine of Aragon, Princess Mary, later Englands Queen Mary I. Scandalous Relations Margaret Douglas became engaged to Thomas Howard while she was a lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn, the second queen of Margarets uncle Henry VIII. Howard was sent to the Tower of London in 1537 for their unauthorized relationship, as Margaret was at that time next in line of succession, Henry VIII having declared illegitimate his daughters Mary and Elizabeth. Love poems she wrote to Thomas Howard were preserved in the Devonshire MS, now in the British Library. Margaret had reconciled with her uncle by 1539, when he asked her to greet his new bride Anne of Cleves on her arrival in England. In 1540, Margaret had an affair with Charles Howard, nephew of Thomas Howard and brother of Catherine Howard, the fifth queen of Henry VIII. But again Henry VIII reconciled with his niece, and Margaret was a witness to his sixth and final marriage, to Catherine Parr, who had known Margaret for many years. Marriage In 1544, Margaret Douglas married Matthew Stewart, the 4th Earl of Lennox, who was living in England. Their elder son, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, in 1565 married Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of James V, Margaret Douglas half-brother. The Stewart (Stuart) name for a later line of kings of England and Scotland comes from Margaret Douglas second husband through the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley. Plotting Against Elizabeth After Marys death and the succession of Protestant Queen Elizabeth I in 1558, Margaret Douglas retired to Yorkshire, where she became involved with Roman Catholic plotting. In 1566 Elizabeth had Lady Lennox sent to the Tower. Margaret Douglas was released after her son, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, was murdered in 1567. In 1570-71, Matthew Stewart, Margarets husband, became Regent in Scotland; he was assassinated in 1571. Margaret was again imprisoned in 1574 when her younger son Charles married without royal permission; she was pardoned in 1577 after he died. She briefly helped care for the daughter of Charles, Arbella Stuart. Death and Legacy Margaret Douglas died only a year after she was released. Queen Elizabeth I gave her a large funeral. Her effigy lies in Westminster Abbey, where her son Charles is also buried. The grandson of Margaret Douglas, James, who was the son of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and of Mary, Queen of Scots, became King James VI of Scotland and, at the death of Elizabeth I, was crowned King James I of England. He was the first Stewart king.

Why Some Conservatives Oppose Gay Marriage

Why Some Conservatives Oppose Gay Marriage While some conservatives oppose gay marriage, others do not. For conservatives who do oppose it, the issue has less to do with homophobia and more to do with protecting the Judeo-Christian view of marriage. Social Conservatives and Wedge Issues While it is true that social conservatives have been on the front lines of wedge issues, not all conservatives are as deeply passionate about them as others. In fact, a large portion of the conservative movement- fiscal conservatives and crunchy conservatives, for example- may find themselves disagreeing with social conservatives on issues like gay marriage. Nevertheless, simply identifying as a conservative is enough to earn the vitriol and condemnation of the LGBT movement. Opposition to Gay Marriage vs. Homophobia Most gay rights advocates voice opinions of their own. Conservatives are motivated by homophobia [or hate], they say. Conservatives use their religion as a way to oppose gay marriage, others opine. Still, others believe that conservatives dont harbor the same hatred for divorced people, vandals, or other sinners. They have a special hatred for gays and lesbians. Comments like these force even those who have no particular sentiment either way to take up sides and defend their loosely-held convictions (whether they lean to the right or the left on this issue). I dont support gay marriage is not the same as I hate gays, and those on the left are frequently too blinded by their advocacy to recognize it. Those that do simply refuse to acknowledge it. Not everyone who opposes gay marriage is a homophobe, and not everyone who opposes gay marriage hates people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender. By branding the religious end of an entire conservative movement as hateful, the people making such remarks come off as hateful of conservatives. It boils the issue down to one or the other, without considering those in between. Marriage As a Sacred Symbol For many people (not just religious conservatives), marriage is a sacred symbol of heterosexual love and commitment. Seeing it changed in such a profound way would be like the National Rifle Association suddenly claiming the rainbow flag as its symbol. Just as this would change the meaning of the flag in a way that is unpleasant to the LGBT community, so too would gay marriage change the meaning of marriage to a large part of the married community. Separation of Church and State? There is a common misconception among those on the left that the Constitution mandates a clear separation of church and state, yet that language is nowhere to be found in the document. The phrase was taken from a letter by Thomas Jefferson and bound into law by an activist Supreme Court in 1878. The Constitution deals with the issue of religion via the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. In the former case, Congress cannot pass laws based on religious principles and in the latter, the government cannot keep people from practicing their religion. National recognition of gay marriage is believed by many conservatives to be an example of government interfering with their right to practice their religion. They see it as akin to the government changing a basic tenet of their religion, not unlike forcing Orthodox Jews to eat pork or forcing Catholics to use something other than water in their baptisms. It reduces the covenant of marriage to a bureaucratic rubber stamp and also bastardizes the holiness of it. Recognition of Civil Unions vs. Marriage As it relates to the federal government, the trouble begins with how marriage is treated. There are very few mainstream or common-sense conservatives who will argue that a gay persons life-partner shouldnt be afforded the same rights as a married persons spouse, especially in instances where one of the parties is ill. The trouble with existing federal law is that it recognizes the institution of marriage, which is a holy, religious practice. While atheists will argue marriage is a legal covenant, most conservatives (and even many liberals) will concede that it is an act of religion. Most mainstream conservatives believe that civil unions would be a better way for the federal government to bestow benefits on couples. State vs. Federal While there are many conservatives who believe the institution of marriage should be defended as a covenant between a man and a woman, many more believe that the federal government shouldnt be dealing with the subject at all. Its a matter of jurisdiction. A large majority of conservatives believe the gay marriage issue is a states rights issue since there is no explicit language regarding the subject in the Constitution. According to the Tenth Amendment (Article X of the Bill of Rights), The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. If it were a matter of the states, there undoubtedly would be states in the U.S. that would permit gay marriage and others that wouldnt. For the majority of conservatives, this is fine as long as the voters of these states are the ones making the decisions (not the lawmakers). The Bottom Line For most mainstream conservatives, gay marriage isnt the issue it is for social conservatives. While there is a crossover for many on the right, political conservatism is less about wedge issues and more about limiting the size and scope of government, building a strong national defense and enabling the freedom of enterprise. Many conservatives who took a states right stance have put the issue on the back-burner since the Supreme Court decisions legalizing gay marriage and prohibiting state restrictions and bans.

Critical Review of Contemporary NPD Issues Essay

Critical Review of Contemporary NPD Issues - Essay Example Both the research findings acknowledge that the scale of a company’s operations is irrelevant to the chances of favorable outcomes related to the application of innovation, as Laforet (2011) suggests that the innovative capabilities of small and medium enterprises are comparable to that of large organizations. Another finding asserts that ideation has paradoxical managerial impacts by presenting both negative and positive consequences of the said process in organizations. The scale of the company however, does impact the choices it makes related to innovation, for example, why would a business wish to expand its ideation and innovation capabilities in the first place? Certainly as represented by the findings of the articles which are assessed, it can be noted that large organizations in comparison with small and medium enterprises realize the need to create a strategic fit between their resource capacities and assets as a comprehension of their ideation capabilities is directl y related to the distribution of resources which ultimately allows the formulation of an idea into an innovation. On the other hand, the objectives of a small or medium sized business in engaging in new product development maybe entirely associated with its objective of seeking success or to achieve short-term gain. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the competing ideologies of how New Product Development and Innovation should take place and how it actually takes place, which is either by entirely basing the framework of innovation at an organization upon the components of the ideation process or by engaging in an innovative practice by implementing system wide innovation procedures. Furthermore, the paper will also discuss the managerial implications of the articles’ findings by determining the variables and factors that are dependent upon the success of measures such as NPD, process improvement and ideation potential. Factors affecting innovation: Acc ording to Bjork et al. (2010) the foundation of innovation is idea generation or ideation which is dependent upon the level of creativity and inventiveness of the employees and groups within an organization. Once this principle is recognized by the management, it should try to develop channels through which employees can successfully voice their ideas, such channels can range from technology centered pathways or the utilization of teams that should range across functional departments of an organization. Cooper (2008) favors computer-based ideation techniques such as webpages which can allow external parties to supply ideas related to new products, such facilities are readily used by organizations such as Procter and Gamble which are at the forefront of an ideation revolution. Procter and Gamble’s Connect and Develop ideation model is an example of an open system that invites and welcomes idea stimulation from a range of contributors. Laforet (2011) presents a more traditional and conventional view of the factors that may influence innovation, this

Project Planning Management and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Planning Management and Control - Essay Example However, it should not escape the construction industry stakeholders that there are certain core factors and challenges that unpleasantly affect the planning, implementation and the completion of construction projects (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). Thus, construction stakeholders have to be conversant with and knowledgeable about the core principles of project planning, control, and management to successfully execute construction projects. Generally, project management entails all activities that deal with leading, planning, securing, organizing, administering and controlling resources so that defined project goals and objectives are achieved. Unlike normal business undertakings, construction projects are rather unpredictable, non-repetitive and rarely permanent in the functional activities that create the desired objectives. Project managers and workers thus require special and distinct technical and management skills/strategies to ensure all project factors and challenges are identifi ed and addressed thoroughly (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). This paper explores the various factors and challenges in construction projects and the possible solutions to the challenges. ... In most cases, project owners hire project contractors, whose duties include the coordination of all sub-contractors for a project. Different projects require different types and number of contractors. For instance, in simple housing projects, sub-contractors could be metalworkers, plumbers, electricians, carpenters, roofers and dry-wall installers. Effective contractors ensure that no gaps exist between the completion of one stage and the commencement of the next, thus saving time, cost and labor (Kerzner, 2003). Sound contracting principles and practices also ensure that only the best contractors that would not cause project friction by allowing job overlaps and delays are hired. Effective contracting is thus not only essential for the ordering and supplying of materials and laborers but also for the coordination of both off- and on-site sub-contractors (Kerzner, 2003). Furthermore, contractors serve as the link between project owners and workers through properly established commun ication avenues. Among the other construction project factors worth noting are efficiency, organization and project safety. To progress smoothly and realize its goals and objectives, a construction project requires the highest levels of planning and organization. The first indication of organization in construction projects is the presence of labor on-site with all the processes and material supplies well-coordinated (Phillips, 2003). This process and material coordination is particularly important for projects that rely on different suppliers for materials. In fact, in such projects, it would be quite costly if materials are omitted or supplied late. The increased

Bullying and Marsh Et Al Essay Example for Free

Bullying and Marsh Et Al Essay Everyday thousand of teens wake up terrified of attending school. About one in seven schools, a child is either a bully or a victim of bullying. Bullying is simply defined as a type of aggressive behavior that involves intent to cause harm and a power imbalance (Olweus, 1999). Bullying can range anywhere from psychological, physical (involving kicking and punching), verbal or cyber abuse. Bullying among children can be considered as a form of abuse’ (0-). It has been put forward that bullying is a division of aggressive behavior and has been further characterized as repetitive and ‘an inability on behalf of the victim to defend him or herself’ (Farrington, 1993, cited it Sapouna, 2008). We learn from Sapouna (2008) that bullying can take the form of ‘verbal (name calling), physical (hitting, kicking) or relational (deliberate exclusion from a group, spreading of malicious rumors). After extensive research in Scandinavia, Olweus(1993, cited in Kumpulainen et al.,1998) proposed that bullying can be carried out by one or more adolescents and usually occurs on repeated occasions, and to some extent, it occurs in all schools. Recently bullying amongst young people has gain notoriety in the press due to the extreme results it has had on certain young individuals. An example of this is Sian Yates, a 13 year old girl who committed suicide after repeated bullying (Daily Mail, 2007). Despite the press attention given to these cases, the extreme consequence of suicide does not occur in the majority of cases. Victims can suffer from a range of harmful effects such as humiliation, anxiety, depression, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, and emotional instability. This lead to the finding of Kumpulainen et al., (1998) that ‘bullying is a common phenomenon among children who are psychologically disturbed.’ The writer went on to say that there are ‘higher rates of psychological distress among both bullies and victims’ than those not involve. However, the literature is consistent in noting that the ‘bullied victims are the most troubled of the bully, victim, bully –vict im triad’ (Juvonen et al., 2003; Ma, 2001; Pellegrini, 2002; Pellegrini et al., 1999;Salmivalli Nieminen, 2002, cited in Cunningham, 2007). Should these lead agencies to focus more on protecting the victim? Some schools have decided that the way forward is to have zero tolerance policies. This may include all students who bully. However, if certain researcher’s numbers are correct it could mean excluding from school, forty percent of the school aged population. Given the widespread nature of the problem can zero tolerance really mean, â€Å"Zero tolerance†? We learn from the NHS ‘website teens for health’ (2008) that ‘anyone can be singled out by bullies.’ The NSPCC found that 31 per cent of children had been bullied at some point (Teens for health, 2008). This being the case, can anyone be bullied? Black and Jackson (2007) have put forward that there lies and ‘an imbalance of power’ between the parties involved in bullying. ‘The bully is stronger through social status, physical prowess, age, cognitive abilities or skill.’ Is this imbalance of power the sa me across the genders? There is an extensive body of literature that suggests that boys are more likely than girls to be bullies as well as victims (Nansel et al.2001; Boulton Smith, 1994; Boulton Underwood, 1992, cited in Marsh, Parada, Craven, Finger, 2004). This doesn’t mean girls cannot be bullies. Stephenson and Smith (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found that girls as well as boys fitted into the ‘five main groups of people involved in bullying’. These are: ‘dominating bullies, anxious bullies, bully-victims, classical victims, and provocative victims.’ These traits were also found by Sourander,Helstelà ¤, Helenius and Piha (2000) to have clinical implications. Sourander et al., (2000) noted that ‘Bullying is especially associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior while victimization is associated with internalizing problems.’ Whitney and Smith, (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found ‘bullies to be more prone to have criminal convictions later in life, and more likely to be involved in serious, recidivist crime’. Are criminal convections later in life a fair punishment for their actions? Or should something be done to help the bully? This leads to the question as what is the nature of these young people that make them prone to being a victim or a bully. In the search for a personality construct, many researchers have come to the agreement that ‘bullies are deficient in social information processing or may be intellectually disadvantaged’ (Besag, 1989, cited in Marsh et al., 2004). The work of Crick and Dodge (1994, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) explained that bullies responses to social situations are being met with a filtration process. This ‘cognitive filter’ is based on an aggressive individual interpreting neutral or ambiguous cues as hostile and therefore, making them more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors’ (Marsh et al., 2004). This was also seen to be the case in Bosworth, Espelage, and Simon (1999, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) when ‘a sample of adolescent high school students showed that misconduct, anger, and beliefs supportive of violence were significantly related to bullying behaviors’. Although bullying is an aggressive act, this does not imply that bullies and aggressive or conduct-disordered individuals are a homogenous group. Sutton et al (1999, cited in Marsh, 2004) put forward that bullies were part of a complex environment where they are require to ‘negotiate and attribute mental states to themselves and others to explain or predict their behavior.’ This idea contravenes the notion that ‘bullies are cognitively inept or simple in their inte ractions with peers’ (Sutton et al 1999, cited in Marsh, 2004). References â€Å"Bullying†. Violence Prevention. 1 Dec. 2012 http://www.violencepreventionworks.org/public/olweus_history.page Dawkins, J. L. (1996). Bullying, physical disability and the pediatric patient. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38 603-612. Espelage, D. L., Holt M. K., Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer group contextuals effects on aggressive behavior during early adolescence. Child development, 74, 205-220. Pelligrini, A. D. (2002) Bullying and victimization in schools: A Dominance relations perspective . Educational Psychologist, 37, 151-163.

Oedipus - Why Didnt His Foster Parents Tell Him The Truth :: essays research papers

Oedipus the King Why Didn't His Foster Parents Tell Him The Truth? Oedipus the King is the story of a man who was betrayed. Betrayed by the very people who gave him life and the very people who raised him. Oedipus was born to Laius and Jocasta the king and queen of Thebes. When Oedipus was born, they consulted an oracle that told them that he would grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. Fearing for their safety and the safety of their kingdom they had a servant take the infant to the mountains and leave him on the mountain to die. The servant felt sorry for the infant and gave him to a shepherd who in turn gave him to Polybus and Merope the king and queen of Corinth, who raised him as their own. When Oedipus was older, some men at a banquet who were drunk told him that "I am not my fathers' son". (860) Oedipus confronted Polybus and Merope and they were enraged by these accusations. They convinced Oedipus that the accusations weren't true, "so as for my parents I was satisfied (865). However, something was still gnawing at him. He consulted an oracle for himself and the oracle told Oedipus what the oracle told Laius and Jocasta. After he heard that prediction, he left Corinth never to return. If Polybus and Merope had told him the truth when Oedipus came to them he wouldn't have left Corinth and have set into motion this tragic chain of events. What were Polybus and Merope afraid of? Where they afraid of how Oedipus would have reacted if he knew that they weren't his birth parents, did they think that he wouldn't have understood and wouldn't have appreciated what they did for him. I think that Polybus and Merope have to share some of the blame for this mess, because they were not truthful. Oedipus thought he had avoided the curse by going the Thebes. By defeating the sphinx, he was the hero of the town. He was doing a noble thing by wanting to help his country by trying to find out who or what was causing this plague. When Oedipus finds out the truth he resists it, but he was relentless in his pursuit of it, He wanted to discover the truth in order to help his people but he refuses to believe that he's the cause of it, "What are you saying - Polybus was not my father?